Gender Sec: 8 PPC

 Gender with reference to Section 8 PPC

 تذکیر و تانیث/مذکر و مونث

The pronoun "he" and its derivatives are used of any person. whether male or female. 

اس سیکشن میں یہ بتایا گیا ہے کہ"اس پورے ایکٹ میں مذکر و مئونث کا کوِِی امتیاز نہیں۔ 

wrongful Confinement

حبسِ بیجا

دفعہ 340 ت پ :- حبسِ بیجا

جو کوئی شخص کسی کی اس طرح سے مزاحمت بےجا کرے کہ اس شخص کو کسی خاص محیط حدود کے باہر جانے سے روک دے تو کہا جاےگاکہ اس نے اس شخص کو حبس بے جا میں رکھا۔

سزا

دفعہ 342 ت پ۔حبسِ بے جا کی سزا

جو کوئی کسی شخص کو حبس بے جا میں رکھے،اسکو دونوں قسموں میں سے کسی قسم کی قید کی سزا دی جائے گی جس کی میعاد ایک برس تک ہوسکتی ہے،یا جُرمانے کی سزا جس کی مقدار تین ہزار روپے تک ہوسکتی ہے،یا دونوں سزائیں دی جائیں گی۔ 

Hurt

 ضرر 

دفعہ 332:- ضرر 

جو کوئی کسی شخص کو ہلاک کیے بغیر، اسکو درد،تکلیف،بیماری،ضعف یا زخم کا باعث بنے یا اس کے جسم کے کسی عضو یا اس کے کسی حصہ کو نقصان پہنچاے، معذور کردے یا الگ کردے، تو کہا جائے گا کہ اس نے ضرر پہنچایا ہے۔   

332

Hurt: (1) Whoever causes pain, harm, disease, infianity or injury to any person or impairs, disables  130[, disfigures, defaces] 130 or dismembers any organ of the body or part thereof of any person without causing his death, is said to cause hurt. 131[Explanation:- disfigure means disfigurement of face or disfigurement or dismemberment of any organ or any part of of the organ of the human body which impairs or injures or corrodes or deforms the symmetry or appearsance of a person.] 131   (2) The following are the kinds of hurt: (a) Itlaf-i-udw (b) Itlaf-i-salahiyyat-i-udw (c) shajjah (d) jurh and (e) all kinds of other hurts.

                                                                                                            

ضرر کی حسب ذیل اقسام ہیں۔

(الف)۔ اتلاف عضو
(ب)۔ اتلاف صلاحیت عضو
(ج)۔ شجہ
(د)۔ جرح
(ہ)۔ دیگر اقسام کی ضرر

(الف)۔ اتلاف عضو: 

                بحوالہ دفعہ 333 ت پ،    جو کوئی شخص کسی دوسرے کے جسم کے کسی عضو یا جزو کو کاٹ کر جسم      سے الگ کردے تو وہ اتلافِ عضو ہوگا۔         

اتلاف عضو کی سزا:

بحوالہ دفعہ 334 ت پ ، جو کوئی اتلافِ عضو کا جان بوجھ کر باعث ہو تو، اسکو مجاز میڈیکل افسر کے مشورہ سے ،قصاص کی سزا دی جائے گی، اور اگراسلامی نقطہِ نظر کے مطابق، اور مساوات کے اصولوں کو مدِنظر رکھ کر، قصاص پر عمل کرنا ممکن نہ ہو تو مجرم ارش کا مستوجب ہوگا،اور اُسے تعزیری سزا بھی دی جاسکے گی جس کی معیاد دس سال تک ہو سکتی ہے۔

(ب)۔ اتلافِ صلاحیتِ عضو

                    بحوالہ دفعہ 335 ت پ ۔ جو کوئی شخص کسی دوسرے شخص کے جسم کے کسی عضو یا جزو کی کارکردگی یا صلاحیت کو زائل کردے یا مستقل نقصان پُہنچائے یا اسکی شکل کومستقل طور پر بگاڑ دے تو کہا جائے گا وہ اتلافِ صلاحیت عضو کا باعث ہوا۔

اتلافِ عضو کی سزا۔ 

                    بحوالہ دفعہ 336 ت پ ، جو کوئی اتلافِ عضو کا باعث ہوگا، تو اس کومجاز میڈیکل افسر کے مشورہ سے ،قصاص کی سزا دی جائے گی اور اگر قصاص ممکن نہ ہوسکے تو،مجرم ارش کا مستوجب ہوگا،اور اُس کو بطور تعزیر کسی بھی 

قسم کی سزائے قید اتنی مدت کے لیے دی جائے گی جو دس سال تک ہو سکتی ہے۔

333.	Itlaf-i-udw: Whoever dismembers, amputates, severs any limb or organ of the body of another person is said to cause Itlaf-i-udw.
334.	Punishment for Itlaf-udw: Whoever by doing any act with the intention of thereby causing hurt to any person, or with the knowledge that he is likely thereby to cause hurt to any person causes Itlaf-i-udw of any person, shall, in consultation with the authorised medical officer, be punished with qisas, and if the qisas is not executable keeping in view the principles of equality in accordance with the Injunctions of Islam, the offender shall be liable to arsh and may also be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years as ta'zir.

335.	Itlaf-i-salahiyyat-i-udw: Whoever destroys or permanently impairs the functioning, power or capacity of an organ of the body of another person, or causes permanent disfigurement is said to cause itlaf-i-salahiyyat-i-udw.
336.	Punishment for itlaf-i-salahiyyat-i-udw: Whoever, by doing any act with the intention of causing hurt to any person, or with the knowledge that he is likely to cause hurt to any person, causes itlaf-i-salahiyyat-i-udw of any person, shall, in consultation with the authorised medical officer, be punished with qisas and if the qisas is not executable, keeping in view the principles of equality in accordance with the Injunctions of Islam, the offender shall be liable to arsh and may also be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years as taz’ir.

     

 شجہ

دفعہ 337 شجہ

1 ۔ جو کوئی شخس کسی شخس کے سر یا چہرے پر کوئِی ایسا ضرر پہنچائے جو اتلاف عضو یا اتلاف صلاحیت عضو کی حد تک نہیں پہنچتا تو کہا جائے گا کہ اس نے شجہ لگایا۔

2 ۔ شجہ کی حسب ذیل اقسام ہیں۔

(الف)۔ شجہ خفیفہ 

(ب) شجہ موضحہ

(ج)۔ شجہ ہاشمہ

(د)۔ شجہ منقلہ

(ہ)۔ شجہ آمہ

(و)۔ شجہ دامغہ

3. جو کوئی اس طرح شجہ کا باعث ہو کہ

(اول)۔ شخص متضرر کی ہڈی نمایاں نہ ہو تو شجہ خفیفہ کا باعث ہوگا۔

سزا 

دفعہ 337 الف (1)۔ جو کوئی شجہ خفیفہ کا باعث ہوگا تو وہ ضمان کا مستوجب ہوگا،اور اسے بطور تعزیر دونوں قسموں میں سے کوئِی ایک سزا قید جو دو سال تک ہوسکتی ہے ۔

337.

Shajjah

 شجہ

دفعہ 337 شجہ

1 ۔ جو کوئی شخس کسی شخس کے سر یا چہرے پر کوئِی ایسا ضرر پہنچائے جو اتلاف عضو یا اتلاف صلاحیت عضو کی حد تک نہیں پہنچتا تو کہا جائے گا کہ اس نے شجہ لگایا۔

2 ۔ شجہ کی حسب ذیل اقسام ہیں۔

(الف)۔ شجہ خفیفہ 

(ب) شجہ موضحہ

(ج)۔ شجہ ہاشمہ

(د)۔ شجہ منقلہ

(ہ)۔ شجہ آمہ

(و)۔ شجہ دامغہ

3۔ جو کوئی اس طرح شجہ کا باعث ہو کہ:-

(اول)۔ شخص متضرر کی ہڈی نمایاں نہ ہو تو شجہ خفیفہ کا باعث ہوا۔

شجہ خفیفہ کی سزا

دفعہ 337-الف(۱)۔ جو کوئی شجہ خفیفہ کا باعث ہوگا تو وہ:-

                                                                          ضمان کا مستوجب           ہوگا  (i)      
   اور بطورِ تعزیر کسی ایک قسم کی سزائے قید جو ۲ سال تک ہوسکتی ہے۔  (ii)  
                                                                              ضابطہ:- نا قابلِ دست اندازی پولیس۔ قابلِ راضی نامہ 

Substantive and procedural law

 Introduction

Statute law is either substantive or procedural.Substantive law confers te rights and procedural law is the mode by which a legal right is enforced. The distinction between substantive and procedural law is drawn by each legal system along the lines of expediency and not in the same place for all purposes . The distinction between these two is very important as every lawyer has to get in touch with them in his daily routine.

ESSENTIALS OF CRIME

INTRODUCTION :

Generally speaking, in general, the law is a preservative instinct of the individual and of the race. The primary function of criminal law is the preservation of life and protection of society. A crime may be said to be an act which any given society considers to be sufficiently injurious to justify imposing punishment on the wrongdoer and prescribing a special procedure for dealing with it. There are some essential elements to constitute a crime.  

MEANING OF CRIME:

i) OXFORD DICTIONARY OF LAW:

An Act that is deemed by statute or by the common law to be a public wrong and is therefore punishable by the state in criminal proceedings.

DEFINITION OF CRIME:

Following are the different definitions of crime.

i) According to Blackstone

"An act committed or omitted in violation of public law forbidding or commanding it."

ii) ACCORDING TO JAMES STEPHEN:

"Crime is such an act which is prohibited or forbidden both by law and moral values of society"

HISTORICAL BACHGROUND 

Crime is inevitable in human society. It is an integral part of any human society. It is as old as human society itself.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIME

Following are different characteristics of crime.

i) It is a harm brought about by human conduct which the sovereign power in the state desires to prevent.

ii)It is against the public order and moral. 

iii) It is an act, which is against penal laws enacted by statute.

iv) It is the threat of punishment that is selected among the measure of prevention.

v) Proceedings of special kind are employed to decide whether the person accused did in fact cause the harm.

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF CRIME.

Following are the essential elements of a crime.

i) Human being

ii) Mens Rea

iii) Actus Reus

iv) Injury

i) HUMAN BEING:

The first essential element of crime requires that the act must be committed by a human being. In ancient times, punishments were inflicted on animals also for injury done by them,but now this practice is abandoned so to constitute a crime, there must be a human being who

i) Must be under a legal obligation to act in a particular manner and,

ii)Should be a fit subject for award of appropriate punishment.

(contd)

 Measurement of criminal liability

• How criminal liability is measured?

• What elements are taken into consideration in determining the appropriate punishment.

Definition of liability:

(i) According to SALMOND:

"Liability is the bond of necessity that exists between the wrong-doer and the remedy of the wrong."

(ii) According the MARKBY:

"The word liability is used to describe the condition of a person who has a duty to perform."

Kinds of liability

Following are the different kinds of liability.

i)     Civil liability

ii)    Criminal liability

iii)   Remedial Liability.

iv)   Vicarious liability

v)    Strict liability.

 CRIMINAL LIABILITY

            Criminal Liability is the liability to be punished in a criminal proceeding. The redress for  criminal liability is in the form of punishment which may be in the shape of imprisonment, death  or fine.

CONDITIONS OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY:

i)   Actus Reus

ii)  Mens rea

i) Actus Reus:

The first condition is the actus Reus or prescribed act Salmond calls it the physical or material condition of liability. If there is no act there can be no punishment.

Justice Bryan Stated:

" The thought of a man cannot be tried, for the devil itself knoweth not the thought of a man."

Example:

A man takes an umbrella from a stand at his club with intent to steal it but finds it is his own. He has committed no offence.

ii) Mens Rea:

The second condition of criminal liability is Mens rea or guilty mind. An act is punishable only if it is done intentionally or negligently intention and negligence are the alternative forms in which Mens rea can exhibit itself. If a wrongful act is done intentionally, penal action will serve as a deterrent for the future. If it is done negligently or carelessly, punishment will make the offender more vigilant in future. Where the law presumes that there can be no will at all, no penal liability can be imposed, e.g. Children under the age of seven and insane persons are regarded by law as incapable of having Mens rea.

 

ii)MEASUREMENT OF CRIMINAL LIABILOITY:

According to Salmond, following elements should be taken into consideration in determining the measure of criminal liability.

i)   Motive

ii)  Magnitude of the offence

iii) Character of the offender

(i) Motive:

As regards motive of offence, the greater the temptation to commit the crime, the greater should be the punishment. The object of punishment is to suppress those motives which lead to crimes. The stronger these motives are the severe must be the punishment in the case. If the profit to be gained from the act is great, the punishment should also be severe proportionately.

(ii) Magnitude of the Offence:

The greater  the magnitude of the offence, the greater should be its punishment. The greater the mischief of any offence, the greater is the punishment which it is profitable to inflict with the hope of preventing it. If the punishment does not vary with the magnitude of the offence, there will be temptation to commit offences of very serious nature as punishment is the same in both cases. If punishment for burglary and murder were to be the same, the burglar would not stop at a lesser crime.

(iii) Character of the Offender:

The character of the offender should also be taken into consideration while determining the measure of criminal liability. The worse the character or disposition of the offender, the more serious should be the punishment. The law imposes upon habitual offender penalties which bear no relation to the magnitude of the offence. The most degraded criminals are said to exhibit insensibility even to physical pain, many murderers of worst type show indifference to death itself. So it is desirable to punish more severely the more corrupt.

CONCLUSION:

To conclude, it can be said, that in considering the measure of criminal liability, the deterrent purpose of the criminal law should be given exclusive attention. The perfect law is that in which the difference between the good and the evil is at a maximum in favour of the good.

Rape

Fornication

زنابالرضا

ایک مرد اور ایک عورت کا زنا بالرضا کا ارتکاب کرنا اُس وقت کہیں گے،اگر وہ جان بوجھ کر ایک دوسرے کے ساتھ ناجائز مباشرت کرتے ہیں

سزا

دفعہ 496-ب / (PPC)

             جو کوئی بھِی زنابالرضا کا ارتکاب کرتا ہے،اُسے ایک مدت کے لیئے سزائے قید دی جائے گی جو پانچ سال تک ہوسکتی ہے اور وہ جُرمانے کا بھی مستوجب ہوگا جو دس ہزار روپوں سے زیادہ نہ ہوگا۔

Insertion of new sections, Act XLV of 1860. In the said Code, PPC,  after section 496, the following new sections shall be inserted, namely:   496B. Fornication: (1) A man and a woman not married to each other are said to commit fornication if they willfully have sexual intercourse with one another. Punishment (2) Whoever commits fornication shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine not exceeding ten thousand rupees.

Of enticing or seducing a woman

 

Enticing or detaining a woman with criminal intent

جو کوئی شخص کسی عورت کو پھسلا لے جائے یا لے اڑے اس نیت سے کہ وہ کسی شخص کے ساتھ ناجائز جماع کرے یا کسی عورت کو ویسی نیت سے چھپا رکھے یا روک رکھے اسےدونوں قسموں میں سے کسی قسم کی قید کی سزا دی جائے گی جس کی معیاد سات سال تک ہوسکتی ہے اور وہ جرمانے کا بھی مستوجب ہوگا۔

ضابطہ:- قابِل دست اندازی پولیس، وارنٹ، قابل راضی نامہ

   

Insertion of new sections, Act XLV of 1860.

In the PPC, after section 496, the following new sections shall be inserted, namely:

 

Sec: 496A.PPC

	Enticing or taking away or detaining with criminal intent a woman. Whoever takes or entices away any woman with intent that she may have illicit intercourse with any person, or conceals or detains with that intent any woman, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.